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Indian Journal Of Clinical Dermatology

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year: 2020 • Volume: 3 • Issue: 2 • Page: 27-30

A STUDY OF THE CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Shristhi Agrawal1, Kishor Singh1

1Department of Dermatology & VL, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jaipur- 303121, Rajasthan, India.

Corresponding Author:

Shristhi Agrawal

Department of Dermatology & VL,

National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jaipur

Mail: srishti.agrawal92@gmail.com

How to cite this article:

Agrawal S, Singh K. A Study of The Cutaneous Manifestations In Patients Of Diabetes Mellitus. JDA Indian Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2020;3:27-30

Abstract

Introduction: The incidence of cutaneous manifestations in diabetes mellitus (DM) varies from 11.3% to 70.6%. The cutaneous manifestations seen in DM appear once the primary disease has developed, but it may also occur with its onset or may even precede DM in some of the cases. Our study is an attempt to analyse the pattern of various types of cutaneous manifestations seen in DM.

Aims & Objectives: To study and analyze the cutaneous manifestations in patients of diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods: 100 patients with Diabetes Mellitus (type1 and type 2)were enrolled. Detailed history was taken Investigations like preprandial & postprandial capillary plasma glucose and HbA1C estimation was done. Diabetes was considered controlled when preprandial capillary plasma glucose was 3.9-7.2mmol/L (70-130 mg/dl), postprandial capillary plasma glucose < 180 mg/dl and HbA1C < 7.0%.

Results: Cutaneous infections were the commonest manifestations present in 71% of patients. Out of 100 patients 50 had a superficial fungal infection, 19 had bacterial infections and 6 had viral infections. Amongst cutaneous conditions associated with DM which were present in 67% of patient, skin tags were the commonest(33%). Miscellaneous cutaneous findings were present in 45% patients, nail discolouration was the commonest (11%).

Conclusion: Infections may appear early and remain undetected till DM is finally diagnosed. Majority of patients do not take regular treatment and follow dietary restrictions in early diabetes leading to persistent hyperglycaemic state which predisposes them to infections and other cutaneous manifestations. Presence of cutaneous manifestations must heighten the suspicion of a dermatologist in early diagnosis of DM.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, cutaneous manifestations, cutaneous infections, skin tags, nail discolouration

Introduction

The World Health Organisation (WHO) describes diabetes mellitus (DM) as a chronic multisystem disorder with chronic hyperglycaemia, disturbances of fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism because of a disturbance in insulin action, secretion or both.

Common symptoms in DM are polyuria, weight loss and blurring of vision, even coma and death can occur due to non- ketotic hyperosmolar state1. India has the world’s largest diabetic population which is approximately 51.8 million.2,3

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus4

  1. Diabetes Mellitus Type-1
  2. Diabetes Mellitus Type-2
  3. Other Specific Types of diabetes
  4. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Cutaneous Manifestations

Acute metabolic disturbances and chronic degenerative complications of diabetes mellitus may also affect the skin. The incidence of cutaneous manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus varies from 11.3% to 70.6%.5 The cutaneous manifestations seen in DM mostly appear once the primary disease has already developed, but it may also occur coincidently

with its onset or may even precede DM by many years in some of the cases.

Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus may be classified as: 6

  1. Cutaneous infections in
  2. Cutaneous associations of
  3. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetic
  4. Cutaneous adverse reactions to the pharmacological treatment of

At times the cutaneous manifestations can be the first presenting sign of diabetes mellitus, hence our study is an attempt to analyse the pattern of various types of cutaneous manifestations seen in DM.

Aims and Objectives

To study and analyze the cutaneous manifestations in patients of diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

The present study was carried out in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy at a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur. A total of 100 consecutive patients of Diabetes Mellitus (type1 & 2) attending the Department of Medicine and Dermatology were enrolled.

Ethics

Patient’s confidentiality was maintained and informed consent was taken for the study. The study was carried out after taking approval from the Institutional Review Board.

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed cases of Diabetes mellitus willing to participate in the

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients less than 15 years of
  • Patients with Gestational Diabetes
  • Unwilling

Detailed history with special reference to age, sex, rural/urban background, BP, smoking, alcohol intake, duration of diabetes, type of diabetes, type of treatment being taken, complications and family history was taken. A complete general, physical, systemic and dermatological examination was carried in each patient.

Investigations like haemoglobin, total leukocyte count, differential cell count, preprandial capillary plasma glucose, postprandial capillary plasma glucose, complete urine examination and HbA1C were done in each patient. Assessment of glycaemic control was also done by measuring preprandial capillary plasma glucose, peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose.

Diabetes was considered to be controlled when preprandial capillary plasma glucose 3.9-7.2mmol/L (70-130 mg/dl), peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose < 180 mg/dl and HbA1C < 7.0%

Results

The study group included 100 patients of DM with cutaneous manifestations.

The age group varied from 20-79 years with a mean age of 52 years and SD of 10.52 years. Minimum age was 25 years and maximum 75 years. Maximum number of patients were in 50-59 years (32%) of age group, followed by age group 40-49 years (27%). Majority of the patients were male (55%) and females (45%) with male to female ratio 1.2:1 (Graph 1)

Out of 100 patients 73% of the patients belonged to rural background while 27% were from urban background.

Majority of the patients (48%) were from lower socioeconomic status, followed by 38% from middle socioeconomic and 14% were from upper socioeconomic status.

Majority of the patients were housewives (41%), followed by retired persons (19%) and businesspersons (16%). The miscellaneous group (10%) consisted of priests, tailors,

policemen, astrologers, Anganwadi workers, and so on. Majority of patients (50%) were overweight, 26% were of

normal weight, 21% patients were obese and remaining 3% were underweight. (Table 1)

Table 1. BMI (Kg/m2)

 

S.No. BMI Number of Patients (n=100) Percentage (%)
Male Female Total
1 ≤18.50 (underweight) 1 2 3 3
2 18.50 to 24.99 (normal) 13 13 26 26
3 25 to 29.99 (overweight) 31 19 50 50
4 ≥30 (obese) 14 7 21 21

70% of the patients had type 2 Diabetes Mellitus while only 30% patient was that of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

21% of the patients were smoker, 13% were alcoholic and 30% were hypertensive.

Majority of the patients (50%) had duration of diabetes between 1 to 5 years, 21% between 6 to 10 years duration, while 19% had duration less than 1 year, and only 2% patients were having diabetes ≥16 years of duration.

Majority of the patients (60%) were on oral hypoglycaemic drugs, while 33% of the patients were on combination therapy

i.e. insulin and oral hypoglycaemic. 7% of the patients were not on any treatment for DM.

53% of the patients were on regular treatment, while 40% were on irregular treatment and 7% were on no treatment. Out of 53% patients on regular treatment, 52.8% patients had controlled diabetes (HbA1C <7) whereas among patients on irregular treatment (40%), 17.5% patients had controlled diabetes. 7% patients who did not take any treatment had uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥8). (Table 2)

Table 2. Control & Compliance of treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

 

Diabetic Control
Controlled Uncontrolled Total
Compliance of treatment of DM Regular 28 (52.8%) 25 (47.2%) 53
Irregular 7 (17.5%) 33 (82.5%) 40
No treatment 0 7 (100%) 7
Total 36 (36%) 64 (64%) 100

Cutaneous infections were the commonest manifestations present in 71% of patients, followed by the conditions associated with DM, which were present in 67% of patients, miscellaneous cutaneous findings were present in 45% of patients and none of the patient had complications due to treatment of diabetes.

(Graph 2)

Most of the patients in infection group had more than one manifestations. Out of 100 patients 50 had fungal infection, 19 had bacterial infections and 6 had viral infections. None of patient had parasitic infestation (Table 3). Out of 71 patients, 5 patients had single infection and 66 patients had more than one

Table 3. Cutaneous Infections/ Infestations

 

Number of Patients (n=71) Percentage (%)
Male Female Total
1) Fungal 29 21 50 50
A) Dermatophytosis 23 13 36 36
T.Corporis 10 7 17 17
T. Cruris 9 5 14 14
Onychomycosis 9 5 14 14
T. Pedis 3 1 4 4
T. unguium 2 1 3 3
B) Candidiasis 11 9 20 20
Candidal Balanoposthitis 6 0 6 6
Vaginal Candidiasis 4 2 6 6
Cutaneous Candidiasis 0 5 5 5
Candidal Paronychia 1 2 3 3
2) Bacterial 8 11 19 19
Folliculitis 4 4 8 8
Furunculosis 3 5 8 8
Carbuncle 1 1 2 2
Cellulitis 0 1 1 1
3) Viral 2 4 6 6
Herpes Simplex 0 3 3 3
Herpes Zoster 2 1 3 3

infection.

The cutaneous conditions associated with DM were present in 67% of the patients. Among the cutaneous conditions skin tags were the most common (33%), followed by cherry angioma in

Table 4. Cutaneous conditions associated with Diabetes Mellitus

 

S.No. Number of Patients Percentage (%)
Male Female Total
1 Skin Tags / Acrochordons 15 18 33 33
2 Cherry Angioma 13 8 21 21
3 Xerosis 8 11 19 19
4 Acanthosis Nigricans 7 11 18 18
5 Generalised Pruritus 7 5 12 12
6 Xanthelasma Palpebrarum 5 3 8 8
7 Diabetic Dermopathy 5 2 7 7
8 Yellow Discolouration of skin 3 2 5 5
9 Diabetic Thick Skin 2 0 2 2
10 Rubeosis Faciei 1 1 2 2
11 Granuloma Annulare 0 1 1 1

21%, xerosis in 19% etc. (Table 4)

Miscellaneous cutaneous findings were present in 45% of total cases, discolouration of nail was the commonest (11%), followed by decreased hair over lower legs in 10%, eczemas in 10%, psoriasis in 5% etc. (Table 5)

Table 5. Miscellaneous Cutaneous Findings

 

S.No. Number of Patients Percentage (%)
Male Female Total
1 Discolouration of Nail 11 0 11 11
2 Decreased hair on lower leg 7 3 10 10
3 Eczemas 6 4 10 10
4 Psoriasis 3 2 5 5
5 Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses 3 2 5 5
6 Lichen Planus 1 3 4 4
7 Seborrheic Keratosis 2 2 4 4
8 Alopecia 2 1 3 3
9 Nevus 1 2 3 3
10 Macular Amyloidosis 0 2 2 2
11 Vitiligo 1 1 2 2
12 Prurigo nodularis 0 2 2 2
13 Perforating dermatosis 0 1 1 1
14 Syringoma 0 1 1 1
15 Urticaria 1 0 1 1
16 Acne keloidalis nuchae 1 0 1 1

 

Cutaneous infections were the commonest complications (46%) in inadequate and poorly controlled diabetes (i.e. HbA1c ≥7). Fungal Infections were the commonest (50%) among infections followed by bacterial (19%) and viral (6%) in all these groups. Diabetes associated complications and miscellaneous cutaneous findings were also more frequent among inadequate and poorly controlled diabetes i.e. 72.4% and 51.7% respectively.

Majority of patients had 3 (26%), 4 (25%) and 2 (21%)

cutaneous manifestations followed by 1 (12%), 5 (9%), ≥6 (7%) cutaneous manifestations per patients.

Discussion

Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder that involves the skin. Many cutaneous disorders are associated with DM. Dermatological signs of DM mostly appear once the primary disease has developed but may also appear coincidently in early stages or even precede DM by years.

In the present study, majority of the patients were in the age group of 50-60years (32%). This is in agreement with various studies done by Sawhney et al (1990)16, Mahajan et al (2003)11, Nigam et al (2006)10 and Nawaf et al (2006)18. The cutaneous manifestations increase with age, duration as well as level of blood sugar control and severity of DM.

Males (55%) outnumbered females (45%) in our study, which is in agreement with studies done by Sawhney M et al (1990)16, Rao GS et al (1997)20. However, Romano G et al (1998)17, Nigam et al (2003)10, AI Mutairi N et al (2006)13, Mahajan et al (2006)11 and Bhat et al (2006)12 reported higher incidence of dermatological manifestations in female diabetic patients. This may be due to lesser number of females in our study. It could also be because of lack of awareness, illiteracy and negligence on the part of female patients as well as socioeconomic backwardness.

In the index study, majority of the patients had uncontrolled diabetes (64%) which is comparable with studies by Sawhney et al 199016 (97%), Yosipovitch et al 19989 (71%), Nigam et al 200310 (52%), Bhat et al 200612 (55%) and Ahmed et al 200914 (94%). Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, severity of disease and duration of illness increases the chances of complications.

In the present study, among the various dermatological manifestations, infection were the most frequent dermatological manifestations (71%) followed by other dermatological conditions associated with DM (67%) and miscellaneous cutaneous findings (45%). Similar findings were reported in Studies by Mahajan et al 200311 (54%), Nigam et al 200310 (26%), Bhat et al 200612(34%) and Al Mutairi et al 200613(68%).

Fungal infections (50%) were the commonest infections followed by bacterial (19%) and viral (6%). However, in similar studies by Yosipovitch et al (1998)9 and Bhat et al (2006)12, incidence of fungal infections reported were 32% and 34.34% respectively.

Among the cutaneous conditions associated with diabetes mellitus, skin tags were the commonest and were present in 33% of patients in our study. Various similar studies by Kahana et al (1987)7 and Thappa (1997)8 observed that skin tags present in 26.3% and 62.85% of the cases respectively.

Acanthosis nigricans was present in 18% of the patients in our study, whereas Mahajan et al (2003)11, Bhat et al (2006)12, Mutairi et al (2006)13 and Ahmed et al (2009)14 reported a slightly lower incidence of acanthosis nigricans in their study 3%, 5.3%, 4.7%, 2.8% respectively. Acanthosis nigricans and skin tags are dermatological manifestations of DM which may precede occurrence of DM. High levels of insulin act on insulin like growth factor receptors (IGF) which resulted in development of acanthosis nigricans.

In the present study diabetic foot ulcer was present in 3% of the patients. Almost similar findings were reported by Puri et al 201219 in their study in 2% patients of diabetes mellitus.

In the present study 12%, 21%, 26%, 25%, 9%, 7% patient had 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, ≥6 cutaneous manifestations respectively. While almost similar observations were made by Goyal et al (2010)15 in their study 20%, 20%, 12%, 16%, 16%, 14%, 2% patients had 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 cutaneous manifestations respectively.

Number of cutaneous manifestations in our study were comparatively higher because a large percentage (64%) of our patients had uncontrolled diabetes. Poor dietary control, food habits, illiteracy, poor hygiene, climatic conditions, rural background and socioeconomic backwardness may be the additional factors.

Conclusion

Diabetes is a multisystemic disease and skin is also not spared by its complications. Infections may appear early and remain undetected till DM is diagnosed. Majority of patients do not take regular treatment and follow dietary restrictions in early diabetes leading to persistent hyperglycaemic state which predisposes to infections. The advanced end glycosylation may lead to other complications like micro angiopathy, neuropathy etc which appear late. Presence of cutaneous manifestations can heighten the suspicion of a dermatologist in early diagnosis of DM.

Limitations

The sample size of the study is restricted due to time constraints.

References

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  10. Nigam PK, Pande S. Pattern of dermatoses in diabetics. Indian J Dermatol Venerol 2003;69:83-5
  11. Mahajan S, Koranne RV, Sharma SK. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003;69:J 05-8
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  13. AI Mutairi N, Zaki A, Sharma AK, AI Sheltawi Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Med Princ Pract. 2006;J 5:427-30.
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  16. Sawhey M, Tutakne MA, Rajpathak SD, Tiwari Clinical study of diabetic dermoangiopathy. Indian J Dermatol Venerol Leprol. 1990;56:18-21
  17. Romano G, Moretti G, Di Benedetto A, Giofre C, Di Cesare e, Russo G; et al. Skin lesions in diabetes mellitus. Prevalence and clinical Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1998;39:101-6
  18. Nawaf A, Amr Z, Ashok KS, Mazen A. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes Med Princ Pract. 2006;15:427-30
  19. Puri A study on the cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Our Dermatol Online. 2012;3(2):83-6.
  20. Rao GS, Pai Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1997;63:232-4

2,852 comments on “A STUDY OF THE CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS”

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  1249. It’s exactly this long term performance that reflects MicroStrategy CEO Michael Saylor’s belief that “Bitcoin, as the world’s most widely-adopted cryptocurrency, is a dependable store of value and an attractive investment asset with more long-term appreciation potential than holding cash. MicroStrategy has recognized Bitcoin as a legitimate investment asset that can be superior to cash and accordingly has made Bitcoin the principal holding in its treasury reserve strategy.” Zhao warned that, after the FTX collapse and plummeting confidence in crypto, the market is in a period of “high volatility and unpredictableness” that makes it particularly unfavorable for inexperienced investors or those without ample funds. The critical issue is that Bitcoin’s utility is lacking relative to these other projects. As stated by Fortune, the Bitcoin network is hobbled by a lack of capacity. Moreover, Bitcoin’s network still relies on the outdated ‘mining’ process, which is exceptionally energy-intensive and has been roundly criticized by all corners of the media.
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    Rhetorical contortions aside, Coinbase bills staking as a step in the direction of looking more like a bank, with the diverse revenue sources they enjoy. That includes generating fees from serving as a custodian of assets and facilitating lending and consumer payments. “We’re just doing it in our own crypto way,” Choi says. quora Coinbase’s nearly 3.5 million staking rewards program accounts nationwide are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC). There is no protection from loss for any of these accounts, including the more than 600,000 accounts held by California investors. Investors are encouraged to contact DFPI to confirm the qualification status of a staking rewards program before investing their money.

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