ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Year: 2019 I Volume: 2 I Issue: 3 I Page: 72-77

Topical Corticosteroid Abuse – Risk Factors and Consequences

Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Corresponding Author:
Mohammad Adil
B-9, Rizvi Apartments, Medical Road, Aligarh, India-202002
E-mail address: dr.mohd.adil@gmail.com

How to cite this article:
Varshney I, Amin SS, Adil M, Mohtashim M, Bansal R, Khan HQ. Topical Coticosteroid Abuse- Risk factors and Consequences. JDA Indian Journal of Clinical Dermtology. 2019;2:72-77.

Abstract:

Background: Topical corticosteroids are one of the most widely prescribed class of topical drugs. They have been abused in developing countries as they provide rapid symptomatic relief in inflammatory dermatoses.

Aims: This study was done to find the risk factors related to topical corticosteroids abuse and consequences thereof.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the dermatology OPD from July 2017 to June 2018. All patients were enquired for topical steroid abuse in the last 3 months and were interviewed via structured proforma.

Results: Of 2032 patients abusing steroids, 1365 (67.2%) patients were recorded with adverse effects of topical corticosteroids. The majority (60.78%) were from urban areas. 20.9% were abusing topical steroids for more than 12 months. The most common abused steroid formulation was mixed combination consisting of steroids, anti-fungals and anti-bacterials (47.9%). Fungal infection (59.5%) and acne (15.3%) were the most common indications of steroid abuse. Quacks (31.9%) and pharmacists (26.8%) were the most common prescribers of these topicals. Most common adverse effects of topical corticosteroid abuse were tinea incognito (41.1%), steroid-induced acne/ aggravation of acne vulgaris (18.2%) and telangiectasia (14.1%).

Limitations: As this study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, it does accurately reflect the prevailing situation in the community.

Conclusion: We found that the most common source of abuse was non-prescriptional and it was mainly due to easy availability of mixed combinations of steroid containing creams. The adverse effects of topical corticosteroids are related to duration to their use. Hence, they must be used only for specific indications under a close watch of a qualified medical practitioner.

Key words: topical steroids; adverse effects; drug abuse

Introduction:

Topical corticosteroids have become the mainstay of treatment of a wide range of dermatological conditions since 1952 when topical hydrocortisone was first used to treat eczematous dermatitis by Sulzberger and Witten.1 The clinical effects of steroids occur due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, immune-suppresive, anti-pruritic, melanopenic, atrophogenic and vasoconstrictive properties.2 The ‘potency’ of topical corticosteroids is the intensity of their clinical effect and determines their anti-inflammatory and atrophogenic potential. The vasoconstriction assays roughly correspond to the potency of these agents and has been used to classify corticosteroids into various classes. Choice of potency of a topical steroid preparation depends on several factors such as patient’s age, type, severity, extent and location of the disease and expected duration of the treatment.1

In the Indian market, at least 18 different corticosteroid molecules are available for topical use on the skin and more than 1000 brands are sold. They are available in various combination of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal drugs. In 2013, the annual sales figure of topicals containing corticosteroids was 14 billion rupees, which accounted for almost 82% of total dermatological product sale in the country.3 People use and abuse these topical corticosteroids for all types of dermatological problems like infectious disease, inflammatory diseases, as skin lightening agents etc. They are easily available as over the counter drug, despite the fact that steroids can be sold strictly upon the prescription of a registered medical practitioner only.

As they provide quick relief, are cheaper and easily available, so they are used by people for a long period of time, may be for years. This abuse can produce a number of adverse effects like atrophy of skin, telangiectasia, change of morphology of lesions, hypertrichosis etc. Abuse of topical corticosteroids is very common, especially in Asian and African countries as people are highly conscious of their skin colour.4 Despite the widespread misuse of topical corticosteroids, studies regarding their adverse effects were done only in the last few years.5-15 Strong focus on the problem of topical steroid abuse needs to be continued. Regional differences in the abuse pattern will help in the better understanding of the problem and formulation of an effective response to tackle the menace. This study was undertaken to assess the magnitude of topical corticosteroid abuse, the risk factors and consequences of abuse in North India.

Materials & Methods:

This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study performed at Outpatient Department of Dermatology over a period of one year from July 2017 to June 2018. Institutional ethical clearance was obtained for the study. All patients visiting the dermatology outpatient during the study period were enquired regarding the recent use (past 3 months) of any topical preparation for their skin disease. The presence of topical corticosteroid in these preparations was assessed by direct name recall by the patient,

Table 1. Epidemiologcal characteristics of the patients abusing topical corticosteroids

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inspection of prescriptions or the preparation itself or by visual identification of the products by showing photographs of commonly used topicals containing corticosteroids. Abuse was defined as the (a) application of a steroid containing topical formulation for a cutaneous dermatosis where steroids are not

Table 2: Distribution of patients according to the abused corticosteroid

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indicated, (b) the application of such topical for a period beyond the time limit prescribed by the physician or (c) application of a super potent or potentsteroid overface, axilla, groin or genital area. Final decision regarding the appropriate usage ofsteroidsrelied on the investigator. Patients with co-morbidities (Cushing’s disease, thyroid disorders, Polycystic ovarian disease) that could cause

Table 3: Distribution of patients according to the contents of the topical steroid preparation

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similar changes to those of the side effects produced by topical steroid were excluded from the study. Patients who could not provide details ofthe abused steroid were excluded fromthe study. An informed consentwas obtained from all patients.

Table 4: Source of information leading to use of topical steroid in the patients

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Patients fulfilling the study criteria were interviewed via predecided structured proforma, which included: demographic variables (age, sex, residence, educational status), indication of use, brand name, potency of steroid, frequency of application, duration of therapy, source of information and cutaneous adverse effects. Photographic documentation of the patients was done after taking informed consent.

Table 5: Indications for the use of topical corticosteroids in the patients

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Table 6: Distribution of patients depending upon the duration of use of topical steroid

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The data collected was tabulated and mean and percentages calculated. The appropriate statistical tests (Chi square test and student t test) were used to assesssignificance ofresults. p value of <0.05 was considered to be significant.Allstatistical analysis was doneusingStatisticalPackage forSocialSciences version17.

Table 7: Comparison of patients with adverse effects and duration of use of topical steroids

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Result:

Topical corticosteroid abuse was identified in 2032 patients in our study. The age of patients ranged from 6 years to 67 years with mean age of 25.7 years. Majority of the population belonged to age group of 11-30 years, accounting for 77.05% (1565/2032) of cases. There was slight male preponderance with male: female ratio of 5.4:4.5 (1104:928). Around 12% (241/2032) patients were illiterate and 62.7% (764/2032) patients were educated till secondary level. Most of the patients belonged to urban area (1235/2032, 60.78%). The basic epidemiological characteristics of the patients has been mentioned in [Table 1].

Table 8:Adverse effects of topical steroid abuse by the patients

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More than 100 brands of topical corticosteroids were used by patients, either containing steroids alone or in combination with

Figure 1a: Tinea incognito

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anti-bacterial or anti-fungal agents, 470 (23.17%) patients had used multiple brands. The majority of them contained clobetasol propionate or betamethasone valerate, which are a superpotent types of steroids. [Table 2] About one-half (47.9%) of patients had applied a topical preparation containing steroid, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal creams followed by a combination of steroid and anti-bacterial agents. Triple combination (containing hydroquinone, tretinoin and steroid) for melasma was used by 6.1% (122/2032) patients. [Table 3].2,3

Figure 1b: Tinea incognito with extensive striae

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About 85.08% patients abused topical corticosteroids without proper prescription from doctors, of which most of them used these on advice of quacks (649/2032, 31.9%) and pharmacists (544/2032, 26.8%). [Table 4] Dermatophytosis (1209/2032, 59.5%), acne (311/2032, 15.3%) and melasma (217/2032, 10.7%) were the most common indications for which patients had applied these preparations. [Table 5] The duration of use varied from 1 week to 3 years. Majority of them used them for 1- 6months (749/2032, 36.9%) duration. [Table 6] Patients who had applied topical corticosteroids for longer period of time developed more number of side effects (p value <0.001). [Table 7] A large proportion of patients (1708/2032, 84.05%) had applied them for at least two times in a day and only 324 patients had applied once in a day. 4,5,6,7

Out of 2032 patients, 1365(67.2%) patients developed cutaneous

Figure 1c: Tinea cruris with hypopigmentation

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adverse effects due to topical corticosteroids. [Table 8] Atotal of 1655 cutaneous adverse effects were recorded. The most common adverse effects were Tinea incognito (561/1365, 41.1%), Steroid-induced Acne/ Aggravation of acne vulgaris (248/1365, 18.2%) and Telangiectasia (193/1365, 14.1%). Other adverse effects were striae, steroid-induced rosacea, hypertrichosis, hypopigmentation and status cosmeticus. Rare side effects include tachyphylaxis, photosensitivity, purpura, perioral dermatitis, hyperpigmentation, contact dermatitis, pyoderma, trichostasis spinulosa etc. Female preponderance was found in patients who had applied topical steroids for melasma and fairness purpose. It was observed that when steroids were applied over face, side effects developed earlier than other sites.

Figure 2a, b: a. Monomorphic acne b. Aggravation of acne

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Some representative photographs of the study subjects with adverse effects are shown in [Figure 1a], [Figure 1b], [Figure 1c], [Figure 2a], [Figure 2b], [Figure 3a], [Figure 3b], [Figure 4], [Figure 5].

Discussion :

Topical steroids are very important and efficacious drugs for management of various dermatological disorders. However, it is this rapid relief provided by topical corticosteroids that has prompted the physicians to prescribe these products indiscriminately, often reversing the basic doctrine of diagnosis followed by treatment.16 Patients often resort to indiscriminate use of topical steroids to suppress the troublesome inflammatory dermatosis. An abrupt discontinuation may lead to rebound flare, prompting reapplication of the preparation and the cycle continues ultimately leading to atrophogenic adverse effetcs. Calnan used the term ‘habituation’ for this phenomenon17 but Klingman preferred the term ‘addiction’ as stopping steroids is associated with exacerbations.16

Figure 3a, b: a. Steroid induced rosacea with telangiectasia b. Topical steroid dependent face

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Two-thirds of the patients abusing topical steroids had developed cutaneous adverse effects. A study by Nagesh et al. from Bengaluru, India also showed that 51.9% of the 612 patients who admitted to the use of topical corticosteroids, developed adverse effects.18 The abuse of topical steroids seems to be more prevalent in the northern parts of India compared to South India and can arguably be attributed to socio-economic differences. The most common affected age group was 11-30 years, which was consistent with results of other studies.6,10,19,20 The younger age group is more cosmetically conscious and therefore vulnerable to medications claiming to lighten the skin or provide rapid clearing of their skin ailments. There was slight male preponderance in our study. Sexual predilection has been variable in different studies with most showing abuse to be more common in women9,10,19-21 and this has been attributed to greater awareness for skin tone and cosmesis

Figure 4 (a, b): a. Perioral dermatitis b. Hypertrichosis of face

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in women from Asia. Other studies show a male predilection. Urban population outnumbered rural, this may be due to location of hospital in urban area leading to hospital bias. More than a quarter of the patients in our study were graduates or more educated. Our findings show that topical steroid abuse appears to be independent of educational status. Reaching the educated section of the society regarding adverse effects of topical steroids should thus be prioritized.

More than 100 brands of steroids were used by patients. Clobetasol propionate 0.05% was the most commonly abused steroid (62.6%) followed by betamethasone valerate 0.1% and mometasone furoate 0.1%. While most studies show that betamethasone abuse is more common,9,10,20 clobetasol has been reported to be more common in other studies.6,19,22 The widespread use of these molecules is due to their low cost, over the counter availability and decades of presence in Indian market. Despite the fact that most topical steroids are now under schedule H of Drug and Cosmetic Rules 1945 i.e. they can only be used under the supervision of qualified physician and not sold as over-the-counter drug23 these preparations are easily available from the chemist in the absence of adequate enforcement of law. Around half of the patients (47.9%) had applied steroids in combination with other agents (anti-bacterial/anti-fungal agents). Only 13.9% patients had used steroid alone. This shows that fixed dose combinations of steroids are commonly abused by the patient as a blanket treatment of various skin diseases.

In our study, quacks and pharmacists were the most common source of prescription. They are often the first point of contact for most of the patients. So, there is an immediate need for strict regulation regarding the sale of these products with prescription from qualified doctors only. Responsibility for misuse of steroids could also be attributed to nonallopathic doctors, general physicians and even few dermatologists as they prescribe anti-fungal agents with steroids for dermatophysis. Training and sensitizing them regarding steroid abuse may also help in reducing their adverse effects. Similar observation has been found in other studies too.

Topical corticosteroids are frequently misused due to their anti-inflammatory action in different dermatoses. We found the most common indication for their use was fungal infections (59.5%). It may due to high prevalence of fungal infections in community and dermatology OPD. The other indications were acne, melasma, as a skin lightening agent, for oily skin and itching. The results were consistent with study conducted by Meena S et al.6 Around 1/3rd of the patients used them for 1-6 months and had come to the Dermatology OPD either because of their adverse effects or if their skin problem no longer responds to the so called “magical effect” of the cream. Persistent use can lead to epidermal and dermal atrophy resulting in thinning of the skin as well as dependency on the steroid. The appearance of these adverse effects depends on the potency of steroid, duration of use and the site of application.

We found that the nature and number of side effect can be correlated with the duration of the usage of topical steroid. However, many of the patients were not aware of problems they were facing due to this abuse. The most common adverse effect found in our study was tinea incognito (41.1%) and steroid-induced acne/aggravation of acne vulgaris (18.2%). As corticosteroids suppresses the normal cutaneous immune response, thus they enhance fungal infections while modifying the clinical picture.24 Steroid induced acne occurs due to degradation of follicular epithelium, resulting in extrusion of follicular content. The percentage of patients with acne was lower than other studies where around a third of all patients showed aggravation of acne.10,19,20 Others common side effects were telangiectasia (14.1%), striae (11.6%), rosacea (8.3%) and hypertrichosis (7.5%). While Hameed et al.25 reported rosacea in 86.3% patients in a study from Iraq, Indian studies show a much lower percentage of patients developing steroid related rosacea.26,27 Steroid-induced telangiectasia occurs due to sudden cessation of vasoconstrictor effect and release of nitric oxide leading to abnormal dilation of capillaries and striae occur due to inhibitory effect on keratinocyte proliferation and collagen synthesis.

Limitations :

As ours is an OPD-based study therefore, it may or may not accurately reflect the community data. However, it does give a clue to the prevailing rampant abuse of topical steroids in the country. The situation appears to be graver than that depicted in this study as we had included patients with abuse of steroids in last 3 months and excluded patients applying topical preparations where the name could not be elicited.

Conclusion :

Our study reveals that problem of topical misuse of corticosteroids is very common. People use these preparations irrespective of their literary and residential status. As they provide quick relief so, they are used for many dermatological conditions. Most of the people are unaware of their side effects and using them for years. The widespread abuse of topical steroids is compounded by poor health infrastructure, lack of adequate specialist services in country, practice of self-medication, poor affordability and easy access over the counter. Therefore, there is need of strict implementation of the existing laws that ban the use of over-thecounter availability of topical corticosteroids. Awareness should be created among public about the adverse effects related to topical steroids. There should be a proper check on the advertisement of the drugs that directly or indirectly gives a false impression regarding the true character of the drug or makes a false claim for the drug. The campaign against topical steroid abuse needs to be given further impetus regarding sensitizing doctors, chemists, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, regulatory agencies, and the general public regarding this menace of topical steroid abuse. Dermatologists and their organizations need to take the lead in this regard.

Declaration of patient consent: The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

References:

1. Warner MR, Camisa C. Topical corticosteroids. In: Wolverton SE, editor. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 487-504.

2. Valencia IC, Kerdel FA. Topical glucocorticoids. In: Fitzpatrick T, editor. Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 2713-7.

3. Verma SB. Sales, status, prescriptions and regulatory problems with topical steroids in India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014;80:201-3.

4. Rathi S. Abuse of topical steroid as cosmetic cream: A social background of steroid dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol. 2006;51:154–5.

5. Dey VK. Misuse of topical corticosteroids: A clinical study of adverse effects. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014;5:436–40.

6. Meena S, Gupta LK, Khare AK, Balai M, Mittal A et al. Topical Corticosteroids Abuse: A Clinical Study of Cutaneous Adverse Effects. Indian J Dermatol. 2017 Nov-Dec; 62(6): 675.

7. Bains P. Topical corticosteroid abuse on face: a clinical study of 100 patients. Int J Res Dermatol 2016;2:40-5.

8. Inakanti Y, Thimmasarthi VN, Anupama, Kumar S, Nagaraj A, Peddireddy S, Rayapati A. Topical corticosteroids: abuse and misuse. Our Dermatol Online. 2015;6(2):130-4.

9. Saraswat A, Lahiri K, Chatterjee M, Barua S, Coondoo A, Mittal A et al. Topical corticosteroid abuse on the face: a prospective, multicenter study of dermatology outpatients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77(2):160-6.

10. Rathod PR, Shankar R, Sawant A. Clinical study of topical corticosteroids misuse. Int J Recent Trends Sci Technol 2015;15:322-3.

11. Rathi SK, Kumrah L. Topical corticosteroid- induced rosacea-like dermatitis: a clinical study of 110 cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77(1):42-6.

12. Coondoo A. Topical corticosteroid misuse: the Indian scenario. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59(5):451- 5.

13. Brar KB, Nidhi K, Brar KS. Topical corticosteroid abuse on face: A clinical, prospective study. Our Dermatol Online. 2015;6(4):407-10.

14. Lahiri K, Coondoo A. Topical steroid damaged/ dependent face (TSDF): An entity of cutaneous pharmacodependence. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61:265- 72.

15. Bhat YJ, Manzoor S, Qayoom S. Steroid-induced rosacea: a clinical study of 200 patients. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(1):30-2.

16. Kligman AM, Frosch PJ. Steroid addiction. Int J Dermatol. 1979;18:23-31.

17. Calnan CD. Use and abuse of topical steroids. Dermatologica 1976;152(Suppl):747.

18. Nagesh TS, Akhilesh A. Topical Steroid Awareness and Abuse: A prospective study among dermatology outpatients. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61:618-21.

19. Al-Dhalimi MA, Aljawahiry N. Misuse of topical corticosteroids: A clinical study in an Iraqi hospital. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12:847–52.

20. Dey VK. Misuse of topical corticosteroids: A clinical study of adverse effects. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014;5:436-40.

21. Chohan SN, Sohail M, Salman S, Bajwa UM,Saeed M, Kausar S, Suhail T. Facial abuse of topical steroids and fairness creams: a clinical study of 200 patients. J Pak Asso Dermatol. 2014;24(3):204-11.

22. Lu H, Xiao T, Lu B, Dong D, Yu D, Wei H, et al. Facial corticosteroid addictive dermatitis in Guiyang city, China. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:618-21.

23. The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Available from: http://cdsco.nic.in/html/copy%20of%201.%20d and cact121.pdf.

24. Solomon BA, Glass AT, Rabbin PE. Tinea incognito and “over- the- counter” potent topical steroids. Cutis. 1996;58:295-6.

25. Hameed AF. Topical steroid misuse on the face: A medical and social problem in Iraq. Iraqi Postgrad Med J. 2014;13:346-9.

26. Jha AK, Sinha R, Prasad S. Misuse of topical corticosteroids on the face: A cross-sectional study among dermatology outpatients. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7:259-63.

27. Srivastava A. Misuse of topical corticosteroids on face: A hospital based clinicoepidemiological study. JDA Indian Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2018;1:80-2.

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